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program value

  • 81 автомат


    automatic control unit
    отдельное автоматическое устройство)
    - (узел автоматического устройства) — automatic control
    -, антиюзовый (система) — anti-skid control
    - времени пуска (авп) — timer
    - выработки топлива (из групп баков) — fuel flow proportioner
    - выравнивания топлива (в группах баков) — fuel equalizer
    - давления — pressure control (unit)
    - давления гермокабины (регулятор) — cabin pressure controller /regulator/
    - давления (противоперегрузочного костюма) — anti-g valve
    - демпфирования колебаний рыскания по курсу — yaw damper (system)
    - дозировки топлива (адт) — fuel-flow regulator (ffr), fuel control unit (fcu)
    -, загрузочный пружинный — (load) feel spring (mechanism), artificial feel bungee
    - заправки (аз системы суит) — automatic fueling control
    управление клапанами заправки и магистральными клапанами.
    - запуска двигателя — autostart control (unit)
    - запуска, топливный — starting fuel control
    - запуска, топливный (таз) — idling speed governor
    для дозирования топлива при автоматическом запуске двигателя с выходом на режим малого газа. — fuel for ground starting (and idling) is regulated by an idling speed governor.
    - захода на посадку (азп) — auto approach system
    - защиты сети (азс) — circuit breaker (cb)
    устройство, служащее для автоматического размыкания электроцепи при наличии в ней тока, превышающего заданную величину. — an automatic device which, under abnormal conditions, will open a current-carrying circuit without damaging itself (unlike a fuse).
    - защиты сети без свободного расцепления (азс) — circuit breaker
    - защиты сети двойного действия, кнопочный — push-pull type circuit breaker
    - защиты сети, кнопочный — push-type circuit breaker
    - защиты сети от перенапряжения (азп) — overvoltage relay unit, overvoltage protection unit
    - защиты сети от повышенной частоты — overfrequency relay
    - защиты сети от пониженной частоты — underfrequency relay
    - защиты сети, рычажный — switch-type circuit breaker
    - защиты сети свободного расцепления (азр) — trip-free type circuit breaker
    - защиты сети выбит (выключился) — circuit breaker tripped off
    - контроля (ак) — automatic monitor
    для оценки работы системы по принципу"выше-годенниже"
    - критических режимов (ауасп) — angle-of-attack, slip and acceleration indicating/warning system
    - курса (ак, автопилота) свободный з-х степенной гироскоп с горизонтальной осью гиромотора и потенциометром курса. — directional gyro (dg) dg is a free two-degree-offreedom gyro with a horizontal gyromotor spin axis, and azimuth potentiometer.
    -, легочный (кислородный) — demand-type oxygen regulator
    - обогрева стекол (аос) — automatic windshield heat control unit
    регулятор электрообогрева лобовых стекол кабины экипажа для предотвращения их обледенения и запотевания. — that portion of the system which is used to eliminate or prevent the formation of ice, frost or rain on windows and windshields.
    - опережения зажигания (магнето) — automatic breaker advance mechanism
    - перезарядки (оружия) — (automatic) gun recharger
    - переключения потребитепей (aпп) — load monitor relay (lmr)
    - перекпючения преобразователей (апп) — inverter monitor relay (imr)
    - переключения шин (апш) — bus tie relay (btr)
    - перекоса — swash plate assembly
    механизм несущего винта вертолета, предназначенный для циклического изменения угла установки лопастей несущего винта (рис.42). — the mechanism in the main rotor head designed for cyclic change of the main rotor blades setting in azimuth.
    - перекоса кольцевого типа — swash plate assembly
    - перекоса типа "паук" — hub spider
    - перестановки стабилизатора (апс) — horizontal stabilizer automatic longitudinal trimming control unit, horizontal stabilizer automatic trim control unit
    - подогрева топлива — (automatic) fuel temperature control
    - подсоса воздуха (кислородного прибора) — oxygen (regulator) diluter
    - поиска записи программы (магнитофона) — automatic program locate device (apld)
    - приемистости — acceleration control unit (acu)
    устройство, автоматически регулирующее подачу топлива в гтд в процессе его разгона для обеспечения, независимо от темпа перемещения руд, хорошей приемистости двигателя. — the unit preventing excessive overfueling with possible subsequent surging when the throttle is advanced rapidly.
    -, противоюзовый (датчик) — skid detector
    - разгона (насоса-регулятора) — acceleration control
    - разгрузки (гидронасоса) — automatic by-pass /relief/ valve
    автоматическое устройство (клапан) перепуска рабочей жидкости с выхода насоса в зону низкого давления при достижении в линии нагнетания заданного давления. — the automatic relief valve will offload hydraulic pump when system pressure reaches predetermined maximum, and direct pump output to the system when the system pressure falls to predetermined value.
    - раскрытия парашюта (временной) — parachute timer, time release mechanism, parachute actuator
    - раскрытия парашюта, барометрический — barometric release (mechanism)
    для раскрытия парашюта на заданной высоте. — designed to release the parachute at the predetermined altitude.
    - раскрытия привязных ремней — harness time release mechanism
    - расхода (автоматическая система управления перекачкой топлива) — fuel management system (fuel mngm)
    - расхода (ap часть системы суит) — automatic fuel management control
    - расхода топлива (из групп баков) — fuel flow proportioner
    - регулирования загрузки (арз, в системе управления) — feel unit, load feel unit
    - регулирования загрузки ручки управления — control stick load feel unit
    - регулирования температуры масла (маслорадиатора) — auto oil temperature control (unit)
    - регулирования усилий (ару, загрузочный механизм) — feel unit, load feel unit
    - регулирования усилий (ару, по передаточным числам) — (automatic) gain control (agс)
    - регулирования усилий по скоростному напору, пружинный — q-spring feel unit
    - согласования (ас, курсовой системы) — synchronizer, slaving mechanism
    - степени повышения давления двигателем (в насосерегуляторе) — engine pressure ratio control unit, epr control unit
    - температуры топлива — (automatic) fuel temperature control
    - торможения — anti-skid control
    - тряски штурвала (при сигнализации режима сваливания) — stick shaker
    - тяги — autothrottle
    - углов атаки и перегрузок (система ауасп) для измерения, индикации и сигнализации, местных текущих и критических углов атаки, вертикальных перегрузок (nу) и выдачи соответствующих сигналов. — angle of attack and acceleration indicating/warning system used for output and display of present angle of attack, vertical acceleration (load factor) signals.
    - усилий (в системе управления ла) — (artificial) feel unit, load feel unit
    - усилий по числу м и скоростному напору — mach/q-feel unit
    - форсажной тяги регулятор форсажного топлива — afterburner fuel control unit the unit determines the total fuel delivery to the afterburner burner assembly.
    - центровки топлива (ацт) (в группах баков) — fuel equalizer
    - центровки топлива (суит, система управления и измерения топлива) — fuel management and indicating system
    включать азс — close the circuit breaker
    включать азс после отключения — reset the circuit breaker
    выбивать азс — trip circuit breaker off
    выключать азс — open the circuit breaker
    защищать цепь с помощью азс — protect the circuit by the circuit breaker

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > автомат

  • 82 adventure training

    HR
    activities undertaken out of doors and away from the everyday work environment with a view to developing the skills and abilities of participants. Adventure training often takes place at a residential outdoor activity center and may include physically challenging activities such as climbing and rappelling or group exercises and games. The activities are designed to promote experiential learning in areas such as interpersonal communication, problem solving, decision making, and teamwork, and to develop self-confidence and leadership skills. Adventure training has its origins in the work of Kurt Hahn, the founder of Gordonstoun School in Scotland, who developed the Outward Bound program of outdoor activities during World War II. Adventure training programs for organizational personnel became popular during the late 1970s and 1980s, although some have doubted their value and effectiveness.

    The ultimate business dictionary > adventure training

  • 83 crash

    1. Fin
    a precipitous drop in value, especially of the stocks traded in a market
    2. E-com
    a hardware failure or program error that stops a computer working. If data has not been backed up it can be lost as a result of a crash.
    3. Econ
    a sudden and catastrophic downturn in an economy. The crash in the United States in 1929 is one of the most famous.

    The ultimate business dictionary > crash

  • 84 intellectual capital

    Fin
    knowledge which can be used to create value. Intellectual capital includes: human resources, the collective skills, experience, and knowledge of employees; intellectual assets, knowledge which is defined and codified such as a drawing, computer program, or collection of data; and intellectual property, intellectual assets which can be legally protected, such as patents and copyrights.

    The ultimate business dictionary > intellectual capital

  • 85 Scanlon plan

    HR
    a type of gain sharing plan that pays a bonus to employees for incremental improvements. The Scanlon plan was developed by Joseph N. Scanlon in the 1930s. A typical Scanlon plan includes an employee suggestion program, a committee system, and a formula-based bonus system. The simplest formula is: base ratio = HR payroll costs divided by net sales or production value. A Scanlon organization is characterized by teamwork and employee participation. A bonus is paid when the current ratio is better than that of the base period. A Scanlon plan focuses attention on the variables over which the organization and its employees have some control.

    The ultimate business dictionary > Scanlon plan

  • 86 ионная сила

    1. ionic strength

    [lang name="Russian"]в силу; на основании — on the strength of

    2. ionic strenth

    Русско-английский научный словарь > ионная сила

  • 87 структурированный

    Русско-английский научный словарь > структурированный

  • 88 демонстрация военной силы

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > демонстрация военной силы

  • 89 испытать силы

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > испытать силы

  • 90 испытывать силы

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > испытывать силы

  • 91 испытывающий силы

    в силу; на основании — on the strength of

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > испытывающий силы

  • 92 проявит силу

    в силу; на основании — on the strength of

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > проявит силу

  • 93 структурированный

    Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > структурированный

  • 94 шум

    шум сущ
    1. noise
    2. sound акустический шум
    acoustic noise
    атмосферный шум
    atmospheric noise
    аэродинамический шум
    aerodynamic noise
    боковое расстояние до точки измерения шума
    lateral noise measurement distance
    боковой фактический уровень шума
    actual sideline noise level
    величина уровня шума
    noise level value
    взлет на режимах работы двигателей, составляющих наименьший шум
    noise abatement takeoff
    воздушное судно, не сертифицированное по шуму
    nonnoise certificate aircraft
    возникновение шума
    noise generation
    вредное воздействие шума от воздушных судов
    aircraft noise pollution
    выхлопной шум
    exhaust
    глушение шума
    noise suppression
    глушитель шума
    1. noise suppression device
    2. sound suppressor 3. noise suppressor глушитель шума на выхлопе
    exhaust noise suppressor
    годность по уровню шума
    noiseworthiness
    гофрированный глушитель шума
    corrugated noise suppressor
    данные измеренного шума
    measured noise data
    действующий технологический стандарт по шуму
    current noise technology standard
    диаграмма распространения шума
    noise propagation pattern
    длина траектории распространения шума
    noise path length
    допустимый предел шума при полете
    flyover noise limit
    допустимый уровень шума
    permissible noise level
    замер уровня бокового шума
    sideline measurement
    запрет полетов из-за превышения допустимого уровня шума
    noise curfew
    затухание шума
    noise attenuation
    защищенность от шума
    noise immunity
    зона распространения шума
    noise carpet
    излучение шума определенного уровня
    noise level radiation
    измерение направления шума
    directional noise measurement
    измерение фактического уровня шума
    actual noise level measurement
    измерение шума в процессе летных испытаний
    flight test noise measurement
    измерение шума при заходе на посадку
    approach noise measurement
    измерение шума при пролете
    flyover noise measurement
    испытание на шум
    noise test
    испытание на шум при взлете
    takeoff noise test
    испытание на шум при пролете
    flyover noise test
    исходные условия сертификации по шуму
    noise certification reference conditions
    Комитет по авиационному шуму
    Committee on Aircraft Noise
    комплексный показатель уровня шума
    composite noise rating
    контролирование шума
    noise monitoring
    контрольная точка замера шумов на участке захода на посадку
    approach noise reference point
    контроль уровня шума
    noise control
    контур воздействия шума
    noise exposure contour
    контур воспринимаемого шума
    contour of perceived noise
    контур равного уровня шума
    equal noise contour
    контур уровня шума
    noise dose contour
    контур уровня шума в районе аэропорта
    airport noise contour
    коэффициент поглощения шума
    noise absorption coefficient
    кривая снижения уровня шума
    noise level attenuation curve
    максимально допустимый уровень шума
    maximum permissible noise level
    маршрут с минимальным уровнем шума
    minimum noise route
    меры по снижению шума
    noise abatement measures
    методика выполнения полета с минимальным шумом
    minimum noise procedure
    методика замера шумов
    noise measurement procedure
    методика оценки шума
    noise evaluation procedure
    методика сертификации по шуму
    noise certification procedure
    метод контроля шума
    noise control technique
    метод оценки воздействия шума
    noise exposure assessment method
    метод оценки шума
    noise evaluation method
    метод прогнозирования шума реактивных двигателей
    jet noise prediction technique
    модификация со сниженным уровнем шума
    noise reduction modification
    направленность шума
    noise directivity
    нормативный уровень шума
    standard noise level
    нормы шума при полетах на эшелоне
    level flight noise requirements
    область воздействия шума
    noise field
    обобщенные характеристики по шуму
    generalized noise characteristics
    оборудование для снижения шума
    hush kit
    ослабление шума
    noise reduction
    ослаблять шум
    attenuate noise
    оценка уровня шума
    noise evaluation
    параметр потока, критический по шуму
    noise-critical flow parameter
    пиковый уровень воспринимаемого шума
    peak perceived noise level
    поглощение шума
    noise absorption
    подавление шумов
    noise cancelling
    предполагаемое воздействие шума
    noise exposure forecast
    предпочтительная по уровню шума ВПП
    noise preferential runway
    предпочтительный по уровню шума маршрут
    noise preferential route
    программа прогнозирования авиационного шума
    aircraft noise prediction program
    программа сертификации по шуму
    noise certification scheme
    продолжительность воздействия шума
    duration of noise effect
    продолжительность суммарного шума
    aggregate noise duration
    раздражающее воздействие шума от воздушного суд
    aircraft noise annoyance
    распространение шума
    1. propagation of sound
    2. noise propagation рассеивание шума
    noise dissipation
    расчетный уровень шума
    design noise level
    сертификат воздушного судна по шуму
    aircraft noise certificate
    сертификационный стандарт по шуму
    noise certification standard
    сертификационный уровень шума
    certificated noise level
    сертификация по шуму на взлетном режиме
    take-off noise
    система оценки раздражающего воздействия шума
    noise annoyance rating system
    снижение шума при опробовании двигателей на земле
    ground run-up noise abatement
    создавать шум
    originate noise
    спектр шума
    noise spectrum
    способ снижения шума
    noise abatement technique
    среднесуточный уровень шума
    day-night sound level
    стандарт по шуму для дозвуковых самолетов
    subsonic noise standard
    схема распространения шумов
    noise map
    таблица шумов
    noy table
    технология снижения шумов
    acoustic technology
    точка измерения шума
    noise measurement location
    траектория взлета, сертифицированная по шуму
    noise certification takeoff flight path
    траектория захода на посадку, сертифицированная по шуму
    noise certification approach path
    траектория распространения шума
    1. approach noise path
    2. noise path требования по снижению шума
    noise reduction requirements
    угол распространения шума при взлете
    takeoff noise angle
    угол распространения шума при заходе на посадку
    approach noise angle
    уменьшать уровень шума
    reduce noise level
    уменьшать шум
    reduce noise
    уменьшение тяги с целью снижения шума
    noise abatement thrust cutback
    уменьшение шума за счет изменения тяги
    noise thrust correction
    уровень непрерывно воспринимаемого шума
    continuous perceived noise level
    уровень окружающего шума
    ambient noise level
    уровень полетного шума
    flyover noise level
    уровень шума
    1. noise floor
    2. noise level уровень шума в населенном пункте
    community noise level
    уровень шума при заходе на посадку
    approach noise level
    условия сертификационных испытаний по шуму
    noise certification test conditions
    устройство для снижения уровня шума
    noise abatement device
    характеристики по шуму
    noise characteristics
    характерный шум
    hum
    шкала шума
    noise scale
    штраф за превышение установленного уровня шума
    noise charge
    шум, вызываемый турбулентностью
    turbulence-induced noise
    шум окружающей среды
    ambient noise
    шум от несущего винта
    main rotor noise
    шум от системы кондиционирования
    environment control system noise
    шум от системы увеличения подъемной силы
    augmented lift system noise
    шум при взлете
    takeoff noise
    шум при включении реверса тяги
    reverse thrust noise
    шум при испытании
    test noise
    шум при посадке
    landing noise
    шум при пролете
    flyover noise
    шум реактивной струи
    jet noise
    шум солнечного излучения
    solar noise
    эксплуатационные методы снижения авиационного шума
    aircraft noise abatement operating procedures
    эксплуатационные приемы снижения шума
    noise abatement procedures

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > шум

  • 95 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 96 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 97 платежи

    1. consideration

     

    платежи
    Данный термин означает платежи, получаемые Оргкомитетом «Сочи-2014»:
    • по всем контрактам, относящимся к Совместной маркетинговой программе Оргкомитета «Сочи-2014» или содержащим любые элементы коммерческого использования символики Оргкомитета «Сочи-2014», символики ОКР либо так или иначе связанным с Играми, включая без ограничений доходы от продажи входных билетов на соревнования Игр;
    • по всем контрактам на вклады в натуральной форме и другим формам вознаграждения за любые рекламные, льготные и другие права или в связи с ними.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    consideration
    Term refers to consideration received by Sochi 2014:
    • of all contracts pertaining to the Sochi 2014 joint marketing program or containing any element of commercial exploitation of the Sochi 2014 marks, the ROC marks, or relating to the Games in any way, including but not limited to the revenues for the sale of admission tickets to the Games;
    • of all contracts which provide for value-in-kind or other forms of consideration to be supplied in return for, or in connection with, any advertising, promotional or other rights.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > платежи

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